畜禽产品水足迹研究进展

畜禽产品的生产过程需要消耗大量水资源,对畜禽产品进行水足迹评价能够清楚地认识其对水资源的消耗情况。目前,人们对畜禽产品的需求日益增长,水资源消耗也在持续升高,因此研究如何缓解畜禽产品生产带来的水资源压力,已成为人们必须要面对的问题。评价畜禽产品的用水量和对不同生产阶段的用水分析,将有助于生产者和消费者确定用水量最大的过程,并针对性地实施提高用水效率的战略。本文介绍了国内外畜禽产品水足迹研究现状,对比分析了不同畜禽产品水足迹评价方法,展望了畜禽产品水足迹的发展,最终提出以下降低畜禽产品水足迹的主要措施:1)减少饲料生产的水足迹;2)提高饲料转化率;3)水资源管理和提高畜禽动物生产性能;4)改变人们的消费习惯。     

设施畜牧业关键技术研究态势分析

[目的/意义]目前中国畜牧业正处于加快转型的重要时期,了解相关技术的发展态势对于畜牧业的发展具有一定的借鉴意义。[方法/过程]本文以设施畜牧业领域技术研发的3个主要方向：笼舍技术、饲喂饮水技术和环境控制技术的相关专利为研究对象,利用专利计量的方法对其发展趋势、技术分支、申请人、各阶段重点专利等进行了分析。[结果/结论]笼舍、饲喂饮水和环境控制技术发展同步经历了萌芽期、波动发展期、快速发展期3个阶段,当前申请量呈现直线上升的态势;技术研发主体以企业为主,各研发单位之间技术布局差异性明显;近些年重点专利中的国内专利明显增多;笼舍技术方面装置研发均侧重于粪尿清除、垫板等技术;饲喂饮水技术方面饲喂技术的研究多于饮水技术,且均侧重于研发自动化设备;环境控制技术侧重于废弃物处理技术、空气调节技术和房舍清洁刷洗技术。     

Potential for mitigating atmospheric ammonia in Canada

Most ammonia (NH₃) emissions (85%) in Canada come from agricultural sources (400 kt/yr). There are international conventions that require countries to mitigate NH₃ emissions but there are no federal or provincial guidelines in Canada stipulating emission targets or best practices for agriculture. This study examines the potential for mitigating atmospheric NH₃ using a range of approaches. Taking current farm practices into account, employing proven low‐cost measures (low‐emission slurry application and slurry storage covers) would reduce annual emissions from livestock operations by 16 kt NH₃‐N, while using all available low‐cost measures would reduce emissions by 79 kt NH₃‐N or 26% of livestock emissions. Another 36 kt/yr could be avoided by improving fertilizer practices, so that the total potential reduction would be about 29% of all agricultural emissions. Emissions from beef cattle and pig production could be reduced by 18% if consumption was cut by 50%, with greater mitigation if production for export was reduced, although the economic and social consequences need to be considered. Mitigation practices must be viewed in the context of possible pollution swapping especially in surplus nitrogen situations. Emissions must also be considered in terms of atmospheric NH₃ transport to and from the USA, therefore bi‐national agreements to jointly reduce emissions might be needed. It may be more cost‐effective in Canada to strategically reduce emissions to minimize risks to health (from particulate matter) and the environment rather than to reduce annual national emission targets.     

植物病原镰刀菌产生的毒素种类及其危害

镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)是多种重要农作物的病原体，不仅可造成农作物产量和品质的严重损失还可在离体培养条件下或植物寄主体内产生一系列被称为镰刀菌毒素的次生代谢产物。这些毒素一方面作为致病因子与镰刀菌对宿主植物的致病力密切相关，另一方面可导致家畜生产性能下降和相关病症的出现，进而影响农业生态系统并对人类健康造成威胁。鉴于镰刀菌毒素对农作物生产的影响及其对家畜和人类的毒性作用，目前已有较多关于镰刀菌侵染粮食作物后产生毒素种类的研究，但关于镰刀菌侵染豆科牧草后产生的毒素种类以及毒素在镰刀菌对豆科牧草致病力方面作用的研究则较少。本文对引起主要粮食和饲料作物病害的常见镰刀菌物种产生的主要毒素，以及这些毒素对植物、家畜和人类的危害进行了综述，并对豆科牧草中镰刀菌毒素的研究前景及意义进行了展望。     

对内蒙古积极发展绿色农畜产品生产加工输出基地的思考

农畜产业作为内蒙古地区的优势产业，对区内经济发展起着关键的作用。为此，本文分析内 蒙古积极发展农畜产品生产加工基地的优势，结合发展的现状，提出积极发展农畜产品生产加工输出 基地的对策，为产业稳定发展提供理论参考和借鉴。     

家畜环境卫生学课程线上教学模式的研究

随着互联网信息技术发展和智能手机的普及,顺应时代发展的需要,线上教学成为未来高校教学活动开展一种必然途径。本文基于学习通和QQ群课堂平台构建了家畜环境卫生学课程的教学设计方案,并详细介绍了教学活动的实施办法,分析了线上教学面临的困难,并提出了相应对策,以期为高等学校线上教学改革提供参考。     

规模养殖场畜禽粪污处理和资源化利用

畜牧作为推动农业发展的动力,可促进其发展现代化农业,提高农民收入。但是,随着畜牧业发展,加剧粪污污染问题,应加强粪污处理及资源化利用,以达到保护环境的目的。该文主要从畜禽粪污处理和资源化利用重要性切入,分析目前粪污处理与资源化利用方式,提出相应保障措施,进而推动畜牧业实现绿色发展。     

Relationship of Icelandic cattle with Northern and Western European cattle breeds,admixture and population structure

ABSTRACT

Icelandic cattle is believed to have been brought from Norway during the settlement of Iceland around AD 870-930. Previous research on genetic relationships has indicated that Icelandic cattle is most related to northern Nordic indigenous breeds. Using single nucleotide polymorphism genotype data from Icelandic cattle and 29 Northern and Western European cattle breeds, we studied relationships and admixture among these breeds, and assessed population structure in Icelandic cattle. Population structure analysis through principal component analysis, estimation of ancestry, and analysis of patterns of population splitting and mixing revealed that Icelandic cattle are most related to three Finncattle breeds (Eastern, Northern and Western Finncattle), and Swedish Mountain cattle. Icelandic cattle has very low levels of admixture. We observed very limited population structure in Icelandic cattle. The observed structure was due to variable sire contributions. Over 1000 years of almost complete isolation has made Icelandic cattle highly genetically distinct from other cattle breeds.     

畜禽粪便中铜和锌污染现状及风险分析

为研究我国畜禽粪便中重金属Cu和Zn的现状及对土壤的污染风险,对数据库和课题组已有的数据进行整理,分析了我国畜禽粪便中Cu、Zn的现状,建立土壤中畜禽粪便重金属Cu和Zn的风险评估模型,预测施用畜禽粪便后土壤Cu、Zn的污染情况,并推算畜禽粪便Cu、Zn的阈值。研究发现,不同畜禽粪便中Cu、Zn含量差异较大,且Zn的含量均高于Cu含量。猪粪中Cu、Zn含量最高,中位值分别为406.9 mg·kg~(-1)和671.3 mg·kg~(-1),羊粪中Cu、Zn含量最低,中位值分别为28.7 mg·kg~(-1)和101.1 mg·kg~(-1)。施用猪粪的土壤中Cu和Zn的积累速率分别为12 080.0 g·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和18 928.4 g·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);家禽粪的影响其次,Cu和Zn的积累速率分别为1 396.4 g·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和7 978.1 g·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);牛粪和羊粪的污染风险较低。根据模型计算的阈值中,粪肥中Cu和Zn的阈值范围分别为80.8～2 256.6 mg·kg~(-1)和1 322.4～20 040.9 mg·kg~(-1);粪肥污染风险与阈值呈负相关,污染风险最高的猪粪,阈值最低,其Cu和Zn的阈值范围分别为80.8～163.2 mg·kg~(-1)和1 322.4～1 972.8 mg·kg~(-1)。